Answer: C). Many of the initial pioneering species actually survived the eruptions.
1980 Mount Saint Helens volcanic eruptions was an example of ecological succession after a catastrophic event. Charlie Crisafulli was a ecologists who arrived at the volcanic site of Mount. Helen along with his colleagues to collect ecological data. He noted the development of ecological relationships across the volcanic landmass. He documented the types, amounts and distribution of surviving organisms, which further took forward the responsibility of colonization in a destructed habitat.
