Transfer of a high-energy phosphoryl group to ADP, resulting in ATP occurs when:
1,3-bisphosphoglycerate → 3-phosphoglycerate.
phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) → pyruvate.
The enzyme nucleoside diphosphate kinase can convert GTP and ATP into one another as follows: GTP + ADP → GDP + ATP. This enzyme converts GTP to ADP by transferring the phosphate group. The only process in the Krebs cycle where direct energy is obtained as GTP is the substrate chain reaction.
Each 3-phosphoglycerate undergoes oxidation to produce a phosphoenolpyruvate molecule with a strong phosphate link. Each phosphoenolpyruvate undergoes substrate-level phosphorylation, which removes the high-energy phosphate and transfers it to ADP to produce ATP and pyruvate.
A high-energy phosphate group is added to ADP to convert it to ATP for energy storage. The conversion occurs either in specific energy-producing structures or in the cytoplasm, which is the fluid between the cell membrane and the nucleus.
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